SENTENCE:
SIMPLE SENTENCE
The basic English language sentence is called a simple sentence. It requires a subject and a verb. We ordinarily include some additonal words that explain the subject. The sentence or a part of a sentence that contains a subject and a verb and constitutes a complete thought is called an independent clause.
COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence contains an independent clause and a subordinate clause. The independent clause can function as a complete sentence. The subordinate clause also contains a subject and a verb but cannot function as an independent sentence.
Saturday, January 9, 2010
IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH GRAMMER
IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH GRAMMER
We know that the strength of a tree lies in its roots. Similarly the strength of any spoken language lies in its grammar. So if you seriously want to improve your spoken English, then you have to work on your grammar. Getting a good hold on grammar is required so that you can speak correct English. I have seen many speakers who speak incorrect grammar while speaking in English.
Having a perfect grammar is very hard, but the English grammar used for daily life can be easily attained by going back to your school books for grammar. Have a tight grip over your Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs and Prepositions.
The English Grammar school books that we thought of as very boring are the best resource for English Grammar available. The topics there are explained in a very descriptive and basic way, so as to help even a child gain confidence in English. Once you have chosen ESL, then be sure that you have made the right choice.
There are many other ways also to build up your grammar like speak in English to a teacher, watching English Movies to get the correct grammar usage, etc., you need not be a master for it, but the basic skill set is required. Grammar is something which goes within you and the output is quality English. It defines the basic rules for the English language and must be adhered to.
The way you express yourself during communications gives off hints as to your knowledge and education. The use of correct grammar at all the occasions will cause people to perceive you as a good English knowing person. On the contrary if incorrect usage of English grammar is done, then the impression formed on others is a very poor one and they might take you to be poorly educated. This explains why we need to go the depths of English and that is grammar itself.
All you need to get started is a good English grammar book and some time to spare everyday for reading and practicing it. The more you get used to working on your grammar, the more your English will automatically improve. This is similar to the fact that if a tree is dying, then the probable reason is the lack of water reaching the roots. So there is no advantage in watering the leaves, but the person has to water the roots. Similarly you need to provide food for the basic requirement of English.
Learning grammar can be boring initially, but once you gain momentum and start learning new rules, it will start to become fun. Remember that the more you learn the more confident you will become.
We know that the strength of a tree lies in its roots. Similarly the strength of any spoken language lies in its grammar. So if you seriously want to improve your spoken English, then you have to work on your grammar. Getting a good hold on grammar is required so that you can speak correct English. I have seen many speakers who speak incorrect grammar while speaking in English.
Having a perfect grammar is very hard, but the English grammar used for daily life can be easily attained by going back to your school books for grammar. Have a tight grip over your Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs and Prepositions.
The English Grammar school books that we thought of as very boring are the best resource for English Grammar available. The topics there are explained in a very descriptive and basic way, so as to help even a child gain confidence in English. Once you have chosen ESL, then be sure that you have made the right choice.
There are many other ways also to build up your grammar like speak in English to a teacher, watching English Movies to get the correct grammar usage, etc., you need not be a master for it, but the basic skill set is required. Grammar is something which goes within you and the output is quality English. It defines the basic rules for the English language and must be adhered to.
The way you express yourself during communications gives off hints as to your knowledge and education. The use of correct grammar at all the occasions will cause people to perceive you as a good English knowing person. On the contrary if incorrect usage of English grammar is done, then the impression formed on others is a very poor one and they might take you to be poorly educated. This explains why we need to go the depths of English and that is grammar itself.
All you need to get started is a good English grammar book and some time to spare everyday for reading and practicing it. The more you get used to working on your grammar, the more your English will automatically improve. This is similar to the fact that if a tree is dying, then the probable reason is the lack of water reaching the roots. So there is no advantage in watering the leaves, but the person has to water the roots. Similarly you need to provide food for the basic requirement of English.
Learning grammar can be boring initially, but once you gain momentum and start learning new rules, it will start to become fun. Remember that the more you learn the more confident you will become.
Exception:,Inheritance:
Exception:
The C# language's exception handling features provide a way to deal with any unexpected or exceptional situations that arise while a program is running. Exception
handling uses the try, catch, and finally keywords to attempt actions that may not succeed, to handle failures, and to clean up resources afterwards. Exceptions can be generated by the common language runtime (CLR), by third-party libraries, or by the application code using the throw keyword.
A try block is used by C# programmers to partition code that may be affected by an exception, and catch blocks are used to handle any resulting exceptions.
Within the class we need to add new line “throw new Exception (“ Speed already zero” )” which will be executed when a value less then zero.
Inheritance:
Please refer to the definitions of inheritance discussed in lecture # 1
In order to have a practical solution of inheritance let’s make another class named SportsCar. The class will have similar characteristics of car except that acceleration and braking is faster. Following is code for class SportsCar
The class sports car overrides the accelerate method of class car in other words, of the two accelerate methods present in class SportsCar (one created here and the other one inherited from class car) the method declared in subclass will take precedence.
For this code to work properly “virtual” keyword needs to be appended before each method. Formally speaking, A virtual function is a member function that you expect to be redefined in derived classes. When you refer to a derived class object using a pointer or a reference to the base class, you can call a virtual function for that object and execute the derived class's version of the function.
The C# language's exception handling features provide a way to deal with any unexpected or exceptional situations that arise while a program is running. Exception
handling uses the try, catch, and finally keywords to attempt actions that may not succeed, to handle failures, and to clean up resources afterwards. Exceptions can be generated by the common language runtime (CLR), by third-party libraries, or by the application code using the throw keyword.
A try block is used by C# programmers to partition code that may be affected by an exception, and catch blocks are used to handle any resulting exceptions.
Within the class we need to add new line “throw new Exception (“ Speed already zero” )” which will be executed when a value less then zero.
Inheritance:
Please refer to the definitions of inheritance discussed in lecture # 1
In order to have a practical solution of inheritance let’s make another class named SportsCar. The class will have similar characteristics of car except that acceleration and braking is faster. Following is code for class SportsCar
The class sports car overrides the accelerate method of class car in other words, of the two accelerate methods present in class SportsCar (one created here and the other one inherited from class car) the method declared in subclass will take precedence.
For this code to work properly “virtual” keyword needs to be appended before each method. Formally speaking, A virtual function is a member function that you expect to be redefined in derived classes. When you refer to a derived class object using a pointer or a reference to the base class, you can call a virtual function for that object and execute the derived class's version of the function.
Greedy approach
Problem: What is fib(200)? What about fib(n), where n is any positive integer?
Algorithm 1 fib(n)
if n = 0 then
return (0)
if n = 1then
return (1)
return (fib(n − 1) + fib(n − 2))
Questions that we should ask ourselves.
1. Is the algorithm correct?
2. What is the running time of our algorithm?
3. Can we do better?
Algorithm 1 fib(n)
if n = 0 then
return (0)
if n = 1then
return (1)
return (fib(n − 1) + fib(n − 2))
Questions that we should ask ourselves.
1. Is the algorithm correct?
2. What is the running time of our algorithm?
3. Can we do better?
Algorithm Design Techniques/Strategies
Brute force
Divide and conquer
Decrease and conquer
Transform and conquer
Space and time tradeoffs
Greedy approach
Dynamic programming
Backtracking
Branch and bound
Divide and conquer
Decrease and conquer
Transform and conquer
Space and time tradeoffs
Greedy approach
Dynamic programming
Backtracking
Branch and bound
Imam Muslim
The full name of Imam Muslim is Abu'l-Husain 'Asakir-ud-Din Muslim b. Hajjaj al-Qushayri al-Naisaburi. "Muslim," as his nasba shows, belonged to the Qushayr tribe of the Arabs, an offshoot of the great clan of Rabi'a. He was born in Naisabur (Nishapur) in 202/817 or 206/821. His parents were religiously minded persons and as such he was brought up in a pious atmosphere. This left such an indelible impression on his mind that he spent the whole of his life as a God-fearing person and always adhered to the path of Righteousness. He was in fact a saint of high calibre. His excellent moral character can be well judged from the simple fact that he never indulged in backbiting, a very common human failing.
Imam Muslim travelled widely to collect traditions in Arabia, Egypt, Syria and Iraq, where he attended the lectures of some of the prominent Traditionists of his time: Ishaq b. Rahwaih, Ahmad b. Hanbal, 'Ubaydullah al-Qawariri, Qutaiba b. Sa’id, 'Abdullah b. Maslama, Harmalah b. Yahya, and others.
Having finished his studies, be settled down at Nishapur. There he came into contact with Imam Bukhari, and was so much impressed by his vast knowledge of Hadith and his deep insight into it that he kept himself attached to him up to the end of his life. He was an ardent admirer of another great-teacher of Hadith, Muhammad b.Yahya al-Dhuhali and attended his lectures regularly, but when the difference of opinion between Muhammad b. Yahya and Imam Bukhari, on the issue of the creation of the Holy Qur'an, sharpened into hostility, Imam Muslim sided with Imam Bukhari and abandoned Muhammad b. Yahya altogether. He was thus a true disciple of Imam Bukhari.
He wrote many books and treatises on Hadith, but the most important of his works is the collection (Jami’) of his Sahih Some of the commentators of Ahadith are of the opinion that in certain respects it is the best and most authentic work on the subject. Imam Muslim took great pains in collecting 300,000 Traditions, and then after a thorough examination of them retained only 4000, the genuineness of which is fully established.1
He prefixed to his compilation a very illuminating introduction, in which he specified some of the principles which he had followed in the choice of his material.
Imam Muslim has to his credit many other valuable contributions to different branches of Hadith literature, and most of them retain their eminence even to the present day. Amongst these Kitab al-Musnad al-Kabir 'Ala al-Rijal, Jami' Kabir, Kitab, al-Asma' wa'l-Kuna, Kitab al-Ilal, Kitab al- Wijdan are very important.
His Methods of Classification and Annotation
Muslim's Sahih comes next to it. However, in certain respects the latter is considered superior to the former. Imam Muslim strictly observed many principles of the science of Hadith which had been slightly ignored by his great teacher Imam Bukhari (may Allah have mercy on both of them). Imam Muslim considered only such traditions to be genuine and authentic as had been transmitted to him by an unbroken chain of reliable authorities and were in perfect harmony with what had, (been related by other narrators whose trustworthiness was unanimously accepted and who were free from all defects.
Moreover, Imam Bukhari, while describing the chain of narrators, sometimes mentions their kunya and sometimes gives their names. This is particularly true in case of the narrators of Syria. This creates a sort of confusion, which Imam Muslim has avoided.
Imam Muslim takes particular care in according the exact words of the narrators and points out even the minutest difference in the wording of their reports.
Imam Muslim has also constantly kept in view the difference between the two well-known modes of narration, haddathana (he narrated to us) and akhbarana (he informed us). He is of the opinion that the first mode is used only when the teacher is narrating the hadith and the student is listening to it, while the second mode of expression implies that the student is reading the hadith before the teacher. This reflects his utmost care in the transmission of a hadith.
Imam Muslim has taken great pains in connecting the chain of narrators. He has recorded only that hadith which, at least, two reliable tabi'in (successors) had heard from two Companions and this principle is observed throughout the subsequent chain of narrators.
His Students
Imam Muslim had a very wide circle of students, who learnt Hadith from him. Some of them occupy a very prominent position in Islamic history, e.g. Abu Hatim Razi, Musa b. Harun, Ahmad b. Salama, Abu 'Isa Tirmidhi, Abu Bakr b. Khusaima, Abu ‘Awana and Hafiz Dhahabi.
His Death
Imam Muslim lived for fifty-five years in this world. Of this short span of his life he spent most of his time in learning Hadith, in Its compilation, in its teaching and transmission. He always remained absorbed in this single pursuit and nothing could distract his attention from this pious task. He died in 261/875, and was buried in the suburbs of Nishapu
Imam Muslim travelled widely to collect traditions in Arabia, Egypt, Syria and Iraq, where he attended the lectures of some of the prominent Traditionists of his time: Ishaq b. Rahwaih, Ahmad b. Hanbal, 'Ubaydullah al-Qawariri, Qutaiba b. Sa’id, 'Abdullah b. Maslama, Harmalah b. Yahya, and others.
Having finished his studies, be settled down at Nishapur. There he came into contact with Imam Bukhari, and was so much impressed by his vast knowledge of Hadith and his deep insight into it that he kept himself attached to him up to the end of his life. He was an ardent admirer of another great-teacher of Hadith, Muhammad b.Yahya al-Dhuhali and attended his lectures regularly, but when the difference of opinion between Muhammad b. Yahya and Imam Bukhari, on the issue of the creation of the Holy Qur'an, sharpened into hostility, Imam Muslim sided with Imam Bukhari and abandoned Muhammad b. Yahya altogether. He was thus a true disciple of Imam Bukhari.
He wrote many books and treatises on Hadith, but the most important of his works is the collection (Jami’) of his Sahih Some of the commentators of Ahadith are of the opinion that in certain respects it is the best and most authentic work on the subject. Imam Muslim took great pains in collecting 300,000 Traditions, and then after a thorough examination of them retained only 4000, the genuineness of which is fully established.1
He prefixed to his compilation a very illuminating introduction, in which he specified some of the principles which he had followed in the choice of his material.
Imam Muslim has to his credit many other valuable contributions to different branches of Hadith literature, and most of them retain their eminence even to the present day. Amongst these Kitab al-Musnad al-Kabir 'Ala al-Rijal, Jami' Kabir, Kitab, al-Asma' wa'l-Kuna, Kitab al-Ilal, Kitab al- Wijdan are very important.
His Methods of Classification and Annotation
Muslim's Sahih comes next to it. However, in certain respects the latter is considered superior to the former. Imam Muslim strictly observed many principles of the science of Hadith which had been slightly ignored by his great teacher Imam Bukhari (may Allah have mercy on both of them). Imam Muslim considered only such traditions to be genuine and authentic as had been transmitted to him by an unbroken chain of reliable authorities and were in perfect harmony with what had, (been related by other narrators whose trustworthiness was unanimously accepted and who were free from all defects.
Moreover, Imam Bukhari, while describing the chain of narrators, sometimes mentions their kunya and sometimes gives their names. This is particularly true in case of the narrators of Syria. This creates a sort of confusion, which Imam Muslim has avoided.
Imam Muslim takes particular care in according the exact words of the narrators and points out even the minutest difference in the wording of their reports.
Imam Muslim has also constantly kept in view the difference between the two well-known modes of narration, haddathana (he narrated to us) and akhbarana (he informed us). He is of the opinion that the first mode is used only when the teacher is narrating the hadith and the student is listening to it, while the second mode of expression implies that the student is reading the hadith before the teacher. This reflects his utmost care in the transmission of a hadith.
Imam Muslim has taken great pains in connecting the chain of narrators. He has recorded only that hadith which, at least, two reliable tabi'in (successors) had heard from two Companions and this principle is observed throughout the subsequent chain of narrators.
His Students
Imam Muslim had a very wide circle of students, who learnt Hadith from him. Some of them occupy a very prominent position in Islamic history, e.g. Abu Hatim Razi, Musa b. Harun, Ahmad b. Salama, Abu 'Isa Tirmidhi, Abu Bakr b. Khusaima, Abu ‘Awana and Hafiz Dhahabi.
His Death
Imam Muslim lived for fifty-five years in this world. Of this short span of his life he spent most of his time in learning Hadith, in Its compilation, in its teaching and transmission. He always remained absorbed in this single pursuit and nothing could distract his attention from this pious task. He died in 261/875, and was buried in the suburbs of Nishapu
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